Primary elections determine which candidates appear on the general election ballot. They're where parties choose their nominees — and where your vote often has the biggest impact, since many general elections are not competitive. Here's how to participate.
A primary election is held before the general election to narrow the field of candidates. In most states, each political party holds its own primary so that registered party members (or, in some states, any voter) can choose the party's nominee. Some states use a different system — like a nonpartisan "jungle primary" where all candidates appear on one ballot and the top finishers advance regardless of party.
Primaries are run by state and local election officials, not by the parties themselves. Presidential primaries and caucuses follow a separate schedule set by each state and the national parties.
Only voters registered with a party can vote in that party's primary. If you're registered as an independent, you cannot participate. States with closed primaries include New York, Florida, and Pennsylvania. You typically must register with a party weeks or months before the primary date.
Any registered voter can participate regardless of party affiliation. You choose which party's ballot to vote on at the polling place. States with open primaries include Virginia, Wisconsin, and Michigan. You can only vote in one party's primary per election.
Registered party members vote in their party's primary, while unaffiliated voters can choose which party primary to participate in. Rules vary by state — some allow unaffiliated voters to register with a party on Election Day.
All candidates appear on a single ballot regardless of party. The top two (or top four, as in Alaska) vote-getters advance to the general election. California, Washington, and Louisiana use variations of this system.
Primary turnout is typically much lower than general election turnout, which means each vote carries more weight. In many congressional districts and state legislative districts, one party holds a strong advantage, making the primary the election that effectively decides who holds office.
Voting in primaries also gives you a say in the direction of a political party. The candidates who win primaries shape the policy platforms and priorities that carry into the general election.